What defines market equilibrium?

Market equilibrium is defined as the point at which the quantity of goods supplied equals the quantity of goods demanded. This means that at this specific price, consumers are willing to buy the exact amount of the product that sellers are willing to sell. It is a key concept in economics because it illustrates a state of balance in the market, where there is neither a surplus nor a shortage of goods.

When the market is in equilibrium, there is stability, as any price above this point will lead to excess supply (surplus), while any price below will lead to excess demand (shortage). This concept is crucial for understanding how prices are determined in a competitive market and how they can change in response to various factors like consumer preferences, production costs, or external events.

The other options represent scenarios that do not accurately convey the essence of market equilibrium, as they refer to imbalances or specific pricing thresholds rather than the fundamental balance between supply and demand.